AbstractUnder international human rights law, the breach of human rights and its consequences lie with a contracting state rather than the perpetrator, because only states have the power and the duty to establish the laws and maintain institutions that ensure the respect and protection of such rights. An important question that will be discussed in this section is what exactly is a human rights violation? Put into perspective, why does torture or trafficking committed by the state, or a failure to take appropriate measures to proscribe it, constitute a violation of human rights whereas the same conduct perpetrated by a private individual is considered a crime. Article 2 of the Draft Articles specifies the conditions required to establish the breach of an international obligation. First, there must be conduct involving some action or omission that is attributable to the state under international law. Second, the conduct must constitute a breach of an international obligation in force in that state. This section discusses the nature and scope of States’ Obligations under international human rights law. Additionally, insight is provided into how the Palermo Protocol operates interdependently with International Human Rights Law to balance the shared goals of preventing the crime, protecting victims, and prosecuting traffickers. 2009, pp. 175, Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, as contained in Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of its 53rd Session, UN Doc A/55/10 2000 Art. Szablewska 2007, p. Article 21. 1993, pp. 297–318; Schabas 2003, pp. 908– Nations General Assembly 1966, p. Human Rights Comm., General Comment No. 31 The Nature of the General Legal Obligation Imposed on States Parties to the Covenant ¶ 8, Doc. CCPR/C/21/ May 24, 2006. 2009, pp. 437, 2006, pp. 379, Protocol, Article 51; ICCPR, Article 22; United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Trafficking, E/2002/68/ 2002, principle 2004. 2014. 2012, pp. 29– of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts 2001, Article 15, United Nations 2005; Cf. OHCHR 2014; State Responsibility, A/ and Add. 1–7, 271998 James Crawford, First report on State responsibility on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Eleventh Session, General Recommendation No. 19 Violence Against Women, art. 9 1989. 2014. Rodriguez v. Honduras, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Judgment, Rep. No. 4 Ser. C ¶ 172 29 July 1988; see also the development of the concept of due diligence in Jessica Lenahan v. United States Inter-American Commission 2011. For example, “due diligence” is implicitly enshrined in Article 2 1 2014. 2017, p. at v. Greece, European Court of Human Rights, Application No. 71545/12, Judgment, ¶¶ 70–72 21 January 2011; Siliadin v. France, European Court of Human Rights, Application No. 73316/01, Judgment 2005, ¶¶ 70–72; Rantsev v. Cyprus and Russia, European Court of Human Rights, Judgment, Application , ¶ 285, 7 January 2010. at ¶ 2017, p. For an example of circumstances where the state was not found in violation of its positive obligation because the harm was not foreseeable, see Rantsev, supra note 26, at ¶ 222; and Mastromatteov v. Italy, European Court of Human Rights, Judgment, App. No. 37703/97, ¶¶ 178– 2017, pp. 327– at 328; See E. and Others v. the United Kingdom, European Court of Human Rights, App. No. 33218/96, Judgment, ¶ 99 26 November 2002. v. Ireland, [GC] App. No. 35810/09, 28 January 2014, para. 149; see also Salakhov and Islyamova v. Ukraine, App. 28005/08, 14 March 2013, para. 2017, p. Chowdury and Others v. Greece, supra note 15 at ¶¶110– Nestorova, Executive Secretary, Secretariat of the Council of Europe Convention against Trafficking in Human Beings GRETA and Committee of the Parties, CoE, Understanding human trafficking in the private economy-forms, industries and sectors involved, latest trends and responsibility of the private sector Conference “The Public-Private Partnership in the Fight against Human Trafficking” Moscow, July 20–21, 2017. v. Ireland [GC] App no. 35819/09 ECtHR, January 28, 2014 ¶ Opuz v Turkey App no 33401/02 ECHR 9 June 2009. The Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence 2011, article 5, has also adopted a due diligence standard in the protection of human rights Parties shall take the necessary legislative and other measures to exercise due diligence to prevent, investigate, punish, and provide reparation for acts of violence covered by the scope of this Convention that are perpetrated by non-state Ivette Gonzales and Others v Mexico, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Series C No 205, Judgment, ¶ 284 15 November 2009. Res 48/104, UN GAOR, 48th sess, 85th plen mtg, UN Doc A/48/49 December 20, 1993. GAOR 1995. at Maastricht, 22–26 January 1997, [18] Maastricht Guidelines’. Although not legally binding, the Maastricht Guidelines have served as persuasive aids in the interpretation of economic, social, and cultural Talmon 2019, p. 2009, p. 2004, pp. 17– 2017, pp. 325– 2001. Alliance Against Traffic in Women GAATW 2017, p. Alliance Against Traffic in Women GAATW 2017, p. of Regional and Sub-Regional Structures, supra note 53, at 4– 2006. of Regional and Sub-Regional Structures, supra note 53, at 4– the APDF & IHRDA v. Republic of Mali case, for example, an NGO filed a complaint to the African Court alleging that certain provisions of the Malian Persons and Family Code were not in compliance with the Protocol to African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa the Maputo Protocol. Xavier Damiba and Laurent Nare, Proverbes Mossi Abidjan, 1999 proverb no. 785. 2005, pp. 145, 170; see also OHCHR, Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking, Recommended Principles on Human Rights and Human Trafficking, principle 2010, p. 2003, p. 2008a, pp. 171– Crime Convention, Article 16. Legislative Guide to the Organized Crime Convention and its Protocols, Part I, ¶¶403, 414– supra note 69; United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, Res. 55/25, Doc. A/45/49 Vol. I 2001 art. 16 10; Id. at 193–241; UNODC Toolkit, supra note 73, at 119–172; Commentary on the Recommended Principles and Guidelines, supra note 68, at 203– Convention on Extradition 1994. 2010, p. Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters, Articles 18–19; see also UNODC 2008b. 2010, pp. 1, Dep’t of State, supra note supra note 81, at Baseline Assessment, supra note 55, at 20– and Kigbu 2015, p. Dep’t of State, Trafficking in Persons Report 2010 Nigeria Jun. 2010. Dep’t of State, Trafficking in Persons Report 2014 Nigeria Jun. 2014. 2001. 2006, pp. 377, 399–400. 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